Systems and methods for video-based monitoring of a patient

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the field of medical monitoring, and in particular non-contact monitoring and communication with other medical monitoring devices. Systems and methods are described for receiving a video signal of a medical monitoring device that is outputting a light signal, identifying the light signal emitted by the medical monitoring device from the video signal, decoding information from the light signal, and determining a communication from the decoded information related to a patient being monitored or the medical monitoring device itself.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/188,969 filed Nov. 13, 2018, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR VIDEO-BASED MONITORING OF A PATIENT” which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/585,242, filed Nov. 13, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Many conventional medical monitors require attachment of a sensor to a patient in order to detect physiological signals from the patient and transmit detected signals through a cable to the monitor. These monitors process the received signals and determine vital signs such as the patient's pulse rate, respiration rate, and arterial oxygen saturation. For example, a pulse oximeter is a finger sensor that may include two light emitters and a photodetector. The sensor emits light into the patient's finger and transmits the detected light signal to a monitor. The monitor includes a processor that processes the signal, determines vital signs (e.g., pulse rate, respiration rate, arterial oxygen saturation), and displays the vital signs on a display.

Other monitoring systems include other types of monitors and sensors, such as electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors, blood pressure cuffs, temperature probes, and others. Some wireless, wearable sensors have been developed, such as wireless EEG patches and wireless pulse oximetry sensors.

Video-based monitoring is a new field of patient monitoring that uses a remote video camera to detect physical attributes of the patient. This type of monitoring may also be called “non-contact” monitoring in reference to the remote video sensor, which does not contact the patient. The remainder of this disclosure offers solutions and improvements in this new field.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment described herein, a video-based method of monitoring a patient includes receiving, from a video camera, a video signal having a field of view exposed to light emitted by a pulse oximeter; identifying, using a processor, the light emitted by the pulse oximeter in the video signal; decoding, using the processor, the encoded information of the light emitted by the pulse oximeter; and determining, using the processor, from the decoded information a communication, the communication being at least one of a first communication related to a patient associated with the pulse oximeter, and a second communication related to the pulse oximeter.

In some embodiments, the encoded information is encoded using frequency modulation.

In some embodiments, the encoded information is encoded using pulse width modulation.

In some embodiments, the communication includes the first communication, the first communication is determined from the decoded information, and the first communication includes a unique identifier associated with the patient.

In some embodiments, the communication includes the first communication, the first communication is determined from the decoded information, and the first communication includes a vital sign measurement of the patient.

In some embodiments, the communication includes the second communication, the second communication is determined from the decoded information, and the second communication includes an alert condition of the pulse oximeter.

In some embodiments, the communication includes the second communication, the second communication is determined from the decoded information, and the second communication includes equipment identifying information of the pulse oximeter.

In some embodiments, the video-based method of monitoring a patient further includes determining, using the processor, a unique identifier associated with the patient from the video signal and associating, using the processor, the unique identifier associated with the patient with the equipment identifying information of the pulse oximeter.

In some embodiments, the light emitted by the pulse oximeter is used by the pulse oximeter to measure a vital sign of the patient.

In some embodiments, the light emitted by the pulse oximeter is a dedicated light for the purpose of sending the encoded information.

In some embodiments, the dedicated light is at an outer portion of a probe of the pulse oximeter, at a cable of the pulse oximeter, or at a base of the pulse oximeter.

In some embodiments, the video-based method of monitoring a patient further includes identifying from the video signal at a first time, using the processor, a first position within the field of view of the video camera at which the light is emitted by the pulse oximeter.

In some embodiments, the video-based method of monitoring a patient further includes identifying from the video signal at a second time, using the processor, a second position at which the light is emitted by the pulse oximeter.

In some embodiments, the video-based method of monitoring a patient further includes determining, using the processor, that the first position is different from the second position by a threshold amount.

In some embodiments, the video-based method of monitoring a patient further includes determining based on the threshold amount, using the processor, that the pulse oximeter has moved beyond the field of view of the video camera or has moved a predetermined distance within the field of view of the video camera.

In some embodiments, the video-based method of monitoring a patient further includes associating, using the processor, at least one of the first position and the second position with at least one of a bed identifier, a room identifier, a floor identifier, and a facility identifier.

In some embodiments, the video-based method of monitoring a patient further includes sending, using the processor, a video camera control signal instructing the camera to change its field of view.

In some embodiments, the video camera control signal instructs the camera to at least one of: focus the field of view at the first position; zoom in the field of view at the first position; and center the field of view at the first position.

In another embodiment described herein, a method of communicating information from a patient monitoring device includes determining, using a processor, information related to at least one of a pulse oximeter and a patient associated with the pulse oximeter; encoding the information according to a transmission scheme; and emitting, from the pulse oximeter, a light signal with the encoded information according to the transmission scheme. The light signal is emitted in a field of view captured by a video camera.

In another embodiment described herein, a system for video-based monitoring of a patient includes a video camera configured to capture a video signal having a field of view, a pulse oximeter, and a video processing device in communication with the camera. The pulse oximeter is configured to determine information related to at least one of the pulse oximeter and a patient associated with the pulse oximeter; encode the information according to a transmission scheme; and emit, from the pulse oximeter, a light signal with the encoded information according to the transmission scheme. The light signal is emitted within the field of view of the video camera. The video processing device in communication with the camera is configured to receive, from the video camera, the video signal including the light signal as captured by the video camera; identify the light signal emitted by the pulse oximeter in the video signal; and decode the encoded information of the light signal emitted by the pulse oximeter. Decoding the encoded information yields decoded information.

In another embodiment described herein, a pulse oximeter comprises a processing resource configured to determine information related to at least one of the pulse oximeter and a patient associated with the pulse oximeter and to encode the information according to a transmission scheme. The pulse oximeter can further comprise an emitter configured to emit, from the pulse oximeter, a light signal with the encoded information according to the transmission scheme.

In another embodiment described herein, a video processing device in communication with a video camera is configured to receive, from the video camera, a video signal; identify in the video signal a light signal emitted by a pulse oximeter; and decode encoded information of the light signal emitted by the pulse oximeter to yield decoded information.

Features in one aspect or embodiment may be applied as features in any other aspect or embodiment, in any appropriate combination. For example, any one of system, method, pulse oximeter, or device features may be applied as any one or more other of system, method, pulse oximeter, or device features.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a pulse oximetry monitor and sensor according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of a wireless pulse oximetry monitor and sensor according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 2A is a schematic view of a video-based patient monitoring system according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 2B is a schematic view of a video-based patient monitoring system monitoring multiple patients according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a computing device, a server, a local image capture device, and a patient monitoring device according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method for receiving information from a pulse oximeter through a video camera according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for determining identifying information about a pulse oximeter according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method for determining a location of a pulse oximeter within a field of view of a camera according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method for sending information from a pulse oximeter according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method for determining an alarm condition based on information sent from a pulse oximeter according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a method for associating a pulse oximeter with a patient according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method for verifying information from a pulse oximeter according to various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method for tracking information over time from a pulse oximeter according to various embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to the field of medical monitoring, and in particular non-contact monitoring and communication with other medical monitoring devices. Systems and methods are described for receiving a video signal of a medical monitoring device that is outputting a light signal, identifying the light signal emitted by the medical monitoring device from the video signal, decoding information from the light signal, and determining a communication from the decoded information related to a patient being monitored or the medical monitoring device itself. The video signal is detected by a camera that views but does not contact the patient. With appropriate selection and filtering of the video signal detected by the camera, a light signal can be detected and decoded from the video signal. For example, a patient may wear a pulse oximeter to measure the patient's pulse or other information. The pulse oximeter may include a light that transmits information via a transmission scheme (e.g., pulse width modulation, frequency modulation, etc.). This information can be decoded from the video signal captured by the video camera. The information may include information about the pulse oximeter, such as a unique identification number of the pulse oximeter device. The information may also include other types of information, such as information about the patient (e.g., the pulse rate as measured by the pulse oximeter device). This approach has the potential to improve recordkeeping, improve patient care, reduce errors in vital sign measurements, increase confidence in measurements taken, help healthcare providers better characterize and respond to alarm conditions of a medical monitoring device, and improve tracking of patient identification and location, along with many other potential advantages discussed below.

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a pulse oximetry monitor and sensor according to an embodiment of the invention. A monitoring system 100 is shown in FIG. 1A. The system 100 includes a monitor 110 and a sensor 112 connected to the monitor 110 by a cable 114. In the example of FIG. 1, the monitor 110 is a pulse oximeter, and the sensor 112 is a finger sensor including two light emitters and a photodetector. Other types of monitors and sensors may be used. The sensor 112 emits light into the patient's finger, detects light transmitted through the patient's finger, and transmits the detected light signal through the cable 114 to the monitor 110. The monitor 110 includes a processor that processes the signal, determines vital signs (including e.g., pulse rate, respiration rate, and arterial oxygen saturation, etc.), and displays them on an integrated display 116. In some embodiments, the sensor 112 may not have a photodetector. In such embodiments, the vital sign measurement may be determined solely based on the light from the sensor 112 captured by the video camera of a system. In other words, the sensor 112 itself would just be a light emitter and would not have a sensor such as a photodetector or other optical detector.

The light emitted from the sensor 112 to measure a vital sign of the patient at an opening 124 may also be used to encode information that can be read by a video camera or other optical sensing device that can pick up the light emitted from the sensor 112. Some of that light escapes or leaks through the opening 124 and therefore can be sensed by a video camera or other optical sensing device. In some embodiments, the sensor 112 has a translucent, transparent, or cut out portion that lets the light emitted from the sensor 112 escape the sensor 112 at other locations than just through the opening 124. For example, a translucent, transparent, or cut out portion of the sensor 112 may exist at the top of the sensor 112 at a location 126. In some embodiments, the translucent, transparent, or cut out portion may exist elsewhere on the sensor 112, such as on one of the sides or the bottom of the sensor 112.

In some embodiments, the monitoring system 100 has a light other than the light emitted by the sensor 112 to measure a vital sign of a patient. For example, a light could be placed at different locations on the monitor 110, cable 114, or sensor 112, as shown by lights 118, 120, and 122. Various embodiments of the monitoring system 100 may have none, one, two, or all of the lights shown in FIG. 1A. Any one of the lights that are present can be used to encode information to be sensed by a video camera or other optical capture device. Different light locations may have different advantages. For example, the light 122 may be advantageous for systems that correlate the sensor 112 with a patient for more advanced patient video monitoring. Examples of such techniques are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/432,063, titled “Systems and Methods for Video-Based Monitoring of Vital Signs” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/432,057 with the same title, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. The sensor 112 is worn by the patient being monitored, and a video-based monitoring system (not shown) may monitor the patient using methods that analyze the video of a patient's face. Accordingly, it may be important to accurately identify the patient that is wearing the sensor 112. Since the light 122 may be closer to the patient than, for example, the light 118 would be, the system may have a higher confidence level that the measurements associated with a patient's face are for the same patient with which communications from the light 122 are associated. That the light 122 is closer to the patient than the light 118 may also be advantageous where a single camera is monitoring multiple patients, so that the system can accurately associate a contact sensor with the correct patient in the field of view of the video camera. It may be more difficult, in some scenarios with multiple patients, for a non-contact monitoring system to have confidence that a light farther away from a patient, such as the light 118, is associated with a particular patient (especially if there are multiple patients in the field of view of the camera). If the light 118 is used, it advantageously may be able to continue to transmit signals if the patient's hand is out of view of the video camera (e.g., if the patient's hand is under a blanket). The light 120 may offer a balance of these two advantages. Lights may also be located at other locations of the monitoring system 100. In some embodiments, multiple lights at multiple locations on the same monitoring system 100 may be used. This may offer redundancies and advantages of various individual lights. The multiple lights may be utilized to send the same, synchronized signal, increasing the chance that the signal will be picked up or visible to the camera. In some embodiments, the multiple lights may transmit different signals, effectively increasing the bandwidth of the monitoring system 100 for transmitting messages.

In some embodiments, the monitoring system may also have an optical sensor to receive optical signals as well. For example, an optical sensor may be a visible light sensor or an infrared sensor. Such an optical sensor could be located at any of the locations where lights are shown (e.g., at lights 118, 120, 122) or at other locations of the monitoring system 100. The lights 118, 120, and 122 may be a light emitting diode (LED) or any other type of light. The lights could also be another type of emitter, such as an infrared light. Other types of sensors and emitters may also be used, such as radio frequency (RF) transmitters and receivers, including radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices. Regardless of the type of emitters and receivers used, various embodiments include systems capable of one or two-way communication between the non-contact monitoring system and a contact monitoring sensor. In such embodiments, the optical sensor allows the monitoring system 100 to receive signals in addition to emitting signals using the lights of the monitoring system 100. For example, an optical sensor may receive a message indicating a request for information. The request for information may be a request for vital sign information measured by the monitoring system 100. In response, whichever light(s) 118, 120, or 122 is present at the monitoring system 100 transmits the requested information. Another request for information may include a request for equipment identifying information of the monitoring system 100. Such information may include a unique identifier of the monitoring system 100, information about how the monitoring system 100 functions (e.g., capabilities, equipment specifications, etc.), information about the manufacturer or model number of the monitoring system 100, default or custom settings of the monitoring system 100, information input into the monitor 110 about the patient being monitored, a calibration sequence for the monitoring system 100 to ensure that the video camera has accurately located a light source of the monitoring system 100, or any other information related to the monitoring system 100.

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of a wireless pulse oximetry monitor and sensor according to an embodiment of the invention. The monitor and sensor of FIG. 1B are similar to those of FIG. 1A, except that the sensor 112 communicates with the monitor 110 wirelessly. Accordingly, the monitor 110 has a receiver 130 that receives wireless signals from a transmitter 132 of the sensor 112. In some embodiments, the signals transmitted by the transmitter 132 of the sensor 112 may be captured by a video camera or other optical capture device as disclosed herein. Since the wireless monitor 110 and sensor 112 does not have a cord, there is no option for a light on the cord. However, one, both, or none of the lights 118 and 122 may exist and function as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, signals can be sent from the monitor 110 to the sensor 112. For example, if a signal from the monitor requests a certain type of data, the lights 118 and/or 122 can be used to send a response message including the data requested. A processor at the monitor 110 is used to determine what data is requested and to send the responsive signal.

FIG. 2A is a schematic view of a video-based patient monitoring system 200 and a patient 212 according to an embodiment of the invention. The system 200 includes a non-contact detector 210 placed remote from the patient 212. In this embodiment, the detector 210 includes a camera 214, such as a video camera. The camera 214 is remote from the patient, in that it is spaced apart from and does not contact the patient 212. The camera 214 includes a detector exposed to a field of view 216 that encompasses at least a portion of the patient 212. In some embodiments, the field of view 216 also encompasses a contact sensor 230 of the patient. In this embodiment, the contact sensor 230 is a pulse oximeter. The pulse oximeter may be similar or identical to the pulse oximeters described above with respect to FIGS. 1A and/or 1B. In various embodiments, the contact sensor 230 may be different or additional types of sensors that can emit signals that are received/captured by the non-contact detector 210 as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, signals may also be sent from the detector (e.g., camera) to the sensor (e.g., oximeter) as disclosed herein.

The camera 214 generates a sequence of images over time. A measure of the amount, color, and/or brightness of light within all or a portion of the image over time is referred to as a light intensity signal. In some embodiments, each image includes a two-dimensional array or grid of pixels, and each pixel includes three color components—for example, red, green, and blue. A measure of one or more color components of one or more pixels over time is referred to as a pixel signal, which is a type of light intensity signal. The camera operates at a frame rate, which is the number of image frames taken per second (or other time period). Example frame rates include 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 frames per second, greater than 60 frames per second, or other values between those. Frame rates of 20-30 frames per second produce useful signals, though frame rates above 50 or 60 frames per second are helpful in avoiding aliasing with light flicker (for artificial lights having frequencies around 50 or 60 Hz).

The detected images are sent to a monitor 224, which may be integrated with the camera 214 or separate from it and coupled via wired or wireless communication with the camera (such as wireless communication 220 shown in FIG. 2A). The monitor 224 includes a processor 218, a display 222, and hardware memory 226 for storing software and computer instructions. Sequential image frames of the patient are recorded by the video camera 214 and sent to the processor 218 for analysis. The display 222 may be remote from the monitor 224, such as a video screen positioned separately from the processor and memory. Other embodiments of the monitor 224 may have different, fewer, or additional components than the monitor 224 shown in FIG. 2A.

The detected images can be processed or analyzed to determine a signal being emitted from the contact sensor 230, such as a light signal. Different methods for identifying the signal are contemplated. For example, a light used by a pulse oximeter to measure pulse is typically red in color. Accordingly, the detected images may be analyzed to find red light and thereby identify the light signal for further decoding and processing. In another example, the system may recognize aspects of the light signal over time from subsequent detected images, such as a frequency, phase, or amplitude of the signal, or a pattern encoded in the signal. In another example, the system may identify objects in the detected images, such as a patient, a specific part of the patient (e.g., hand, mouth, face, torso, etc.), a contact sensor or associated monitor device, bed, or any other object in the detected images. The system may then use the locations of such identified objects to deduce an approximate or expected location of a light signal to be detected. For example, if the system detects a human hand, it may focus processing power on the area of and around the hand to look for a light signal being emitted from a pulse oximeter worn on a patient's finger as in FIG. 2A. As described herein, the video camera 214 can also be instructed to adjust its field of view 216, focus, or zoom based on a detection of something in an image. In this way, the system may be able to focus on an identified area (such as a human hand) to better analyze that area for a light signal. An intensity of an emitted light signal may also be detected by the system in order to identify the light signal. In some embodiments, more than one method may be used in combination to better detect and identify an emitted light signal, including any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, additional methods of identifying a signal from detected images may also be used.

FIG. 2B is a schematic view of a video-based patient monitoring system 200 monitoring multiple patients, such as patients 212A and 212B, according to an embodiment of the invention. Because the detector 214 in the system is non-contact, it can be used to monitor more than one patient, contact sensor, and/or other device at the same time. A method for monitoring two or more patients, contact sensors, and/or other devices at the same time includes orienting the field of view of the camera 214 to encompass two or more patients, such as the patients 212A and 212B. In an embodiment, the camera 214 is oriented such that the field of view encompasses a contact sensor 232 and 234 of each of the patients 212A and 212B, respectively. A single camera system can then be used to receive signals from the contact sensors 232 and 234 to measure vital signs from multiple patients, such as patients on a general care floor, or to track movement of patients within a room or ward as disclosed herein. For example, the system may track when a patient enters and/or exits the field of view 216 of the camera 214 to determine where a patient is and when.

The patients can be identified based on signals from the contact sensors 232 or 234, or from other information captured by the camera 214, such as a barcode or other optical information indicating the identity of the patient. Such optical information may be located on the patient, such as on a bracelet, or on a bed or gurney of the patient, or elsewhere near the patient. The system may also identify traits of a patient to identify or increase confidence in a determination of an identity of the patient. For example, the system may match known hair color, body type, skin color, etc. observed in the detected images with known information about a patient. This information can be used in combination with the barcode or other optical identification information detected from the detected image to make sure the system has correctly identified the patient. Other biometric data may also be used to perform this identification or increase confidence in the identification. For example, pulse patterns, vein patterns, finger prints, and any other kind of biometric information may be detected and used to identify a patient. Such information may be collected by the contact sensors and transmitted to the camera with light signals as disclosed herein. For example, a pulse oximeter may also be capable of imaging and/or reading a patient's fingerprint. That fingerprint may be encoded into a light signal and emitted for the video camera to capture. The monitoring system can then decode that information and use the fingerprint image information to identify a patient or verify a patient's identity. In this way, the system can accurately track patients, even if sensors are switched to different patients and/or patients are moved around within or outside a healthcare facility.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a computing device 300, a server 325, a local image capture device 385, and a patient monitoring device 390 according to an embodiment of the invention. In various embodiments, fewer, additional and/or different components may be used in a system. The computing device 300 includes a processor 315 that is coupled to a memory 305. The processor 315 can store and recall data and applications in the memory 305, including applications that process information and send commands/signals according to any of the methods disclosed herein. The processor 315 may also display objects, applications, data, etc. on an interface/display 310. The processor 315 may also receive inputs through the interface/display 310. The processor 315 is also coupled to a transceiver 320. With this configuration, the processor 315, and subsequently the first party computing device 300, can communicate with other devices, such as the server 325 through a connection 370 and the local image capture device 385 through a connection 380. For example, the first party computing device 300 may send to the server 325 information determined about a patient from a light signal captured by the local image capture device as disclosed herein. The computing device 300 may be the monitor 224 of FIG. 2A, or it may be a different computing device that the monitor 224 of FIG. 2A communicates with through a hard line or wireless connection. Accordingly, the computing device 300 may be located remotely from the local image capture device 385 and the patient monitoring device 390, or it may be located close to those devices (e.g., in the same room). In some embodiments where the computing device 300 and the monitor 224 are separate devices, the local image capture device 385 may include the monitor 224 of FIG. 2A.

In some embodiments, the local image capture device 385 is a video camera, such as the camera 214 of FIGS. 2A and 2B. The image capture device 385 is described as local because it is close in proximity to the patient monitoring device 390. That is, the patient monitoring device 390 is (at least at some time) within the field of view of the local image capture device 385. The video camera captures light signals from the patient monitoring device 390 as disclosed herein. The patient monitoring device 390 may be, for example, a pulse oximeter. In this way, light signals emitted by the patient monitoring device 390 may be captured through a connection 375 by the local image capture device 385 and transmitted to the computing device 300 through the connection 380. In some embodiments, the computing device 300 may also send a message to the local image capture device 385 through the connection 380, and that message or an associated message may be transmitted to the patient monitoring device 390 as disclosed herein.

The server 325 includes a processor 335 that is coupled to a memory 330. The processor 335 can store and recall data and applications in the memory 330. The processor 335 is also coupled to a transceiver 340. With this configuration, the processor 335, and subsequently the server 325, can communicate with other devices, such as the computing device 300 through the connection 370.

The devices shown in the illustrative embodiment may be utilized in various ways. For example, any of the connections 370, 375, and 380 may be varied. Any of the connections 370, 375, and 380 may be a hard-wired connection. A hard-wired connection may involve connecting the devices through a USB (universal serial bus) port, serial port, parallel port, or other type of wired connection that can facilitate the transfer of data and information between a processor of a device and a second processor of a second device. In another embodiment, any of the connections 370, 375, and 380 may be a dock where one device may plug into another device. While plugged into a dock, the client-device may also have its batteries charged or otherwise be serviced. In other embodiments, any of the connections 370, 375, and 380 may be a wireless connection. These connections may take the form of any sort of wireless connection, including, but not limited to, Bluetooth connectivity, Wi-Fi connectivity, infrared, visible light, radio frequency (RF) signals, or other wireless protocols/methods. For example, other possible modes of wireless communication may include near-field communications, such as passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) and active RFID technologies. RFID and similar near-field communications may allow the various devices to communicate in short range when they are placed proximate to one another. In an embodiment using near field communication, two devices may have to physically (or very nearly) come into contact, and one or both of the devices may sense various data such as acceleration, position, orientation, velocity, change in velocity, IP address, and other sensor data. The system can then use the various sensor data to confirm a transmission of data over the internet between the two devices. Other RFID systems include an RFID tag (e.g., at a contact sensor) that responds to a signal from an RFID reader (e.g., at a local capture device). In this example, the local capture device is not an image capture device. In such an embodiment, the RFID reader sends a signal that causes the RFID tag to transmit pre-stored or requested data. In some embodiments, the signal from the RFID reader can power the circuitry of the RFID tag to transmit the requested information and/or acquire the requested information (e.g., through measuring a vital sign). In some embodiments, signals from the reader may also be used to charge a battery or capacitor at the contact sensor. In yet another embodiment, the various devices may connect through an internet (or other network) connection. That is, any of the connections 370, 375, and 380 may represent several different computing devices and network components that allow the various devices to communicate through the internet, either through a hard-wired or wireless connection. Any of the connections 370, 375, and 380 may also be a combination of several modes of connection.

To operate different embodiments of the system or programs disclosed herein, the various devices may communicate in different ways. For example, the computing device 300 may download various software applications from the server 325 through the internet. Such software applications may allow the various devices in FIG. 3 to perform some or all of the processes, functions, and methods described herein. In another embodiment, the computing device 300 may operate using internet browsers that can access websites that perform the functionality of any of the processes, functions, and methods disclosed herein. Additionally, the embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to being performed only on the disclosed devices in FIG. 3. It will be appreciated that many various combinations of computing devices may execute the methods and systems disclosed herein. Examples of such computing devices may include other types of medical sensors, contact sensors, non-contact sensors, vital sign sensors, infrared cameras/detectors, night vision cameras/detectors, other types of cameras, radio frequency transmitters/receivers, smart phones, personal computers, servers, laptop computers, tablets, blackberries, RFID enabled devices, or any combinations of such devices.

The configuration of the devices in FIG. 3 is merely one physical system on which the disclosed embodiments may be executed. Other configurations of the devices shown may exist to practice the disclosed embodiments. Further, configurations of additional or fewer devices than the ones shown in FIG. 3 may exist to practice the disclosed embodiments. Additionally, the devices shown in FIG. 3 may be combined to allow for fewer devices than shown or separated such that more than the four devices exist in a system.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method 400 for receiving information from a pulse oximeter through a video camera according to an embodiment of the invention. The method includes receiving, from a video camera, a video signal having a field of view exposed to light emitted by a pulse oximeter at 405. The light includes encoded information. For example, the light may include information related to a measurement taken by the pulse oximeter, the patient being measured, or the pulse oximeter itself. The pulse oximeter is an example of the contact sensors described herein, such as those shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, and 3 as described above.

The method 400 further includes identifying, using a processor, the light emitted by the pulse oximeter in the video signal at 410. This may be done through video/image processing to identify the light signal being emitted. As disclosed herein, the light may be identified based on a color, frequency, amplitude, phase, location, and/or intensity of the light. A proximity of the light source to another identifiable object in the image, or any other method for identifying the light signal in the video signal images, may be used. The processor may be the processor of, for example, the monitor 224 of FIG. 2B and/or the processor of the computing device 300 of FIG. 3.

The method 400 further includes decoding, using the processor, the encoded information of the light emitted by the pulse oximeter at 415. Decoding the encoded information yields decoded information. Many signals include information that is encoded. For example, frequency modulation schemes are often used to encode information into a signal to make the information less likely to be corrupted by noise or inefficiencies in accurately transmitting and/or receiving signals. Other modulation, encoding, or transmission schemes may also be used, such as a pulse width or amplitude modulation.

The method 400 further includes determining, using the processor, from the decoded information a communication related to a patient or the pulse oximeter at 420. For example, the communication may be a first communication related to a patient such as the patient's pulse, other vital sign measurement of the patient, or a unique identifier associated with the patient. The communication may also be a second communication associated with the pulse oximeter, such as a configuration of the pulse oximeter, an alert condition of the pulse oximeter, other state/status of the pulse oximeter, or a unique identifier associated with the pulse oximeter. As disclosed herein, the light signal emitted by the pulse oximeter may also be used by the pulse oximeter to measure a vital sign of the patient, or the light signal may be a separate light source from the one used to measure a vital sign of the patient. In such an example, the light emitted by the pulse oximeter is a dedicated light for the purpose of sending the encoded information. Such a dedicated light may be located at an outer portion of a probe of the pulse oximeter, at a cable of the pulse oximeter, or at a base of the pulse oximeter. The probe may be the sensor 112 as shown above in FIGS. 1A and 1B. The base of the pulse oximeter may be the monitor 110 as shown above in FIGS. 1A and 1B.

Various embodiments may have different, additional, or fewer steps or components. For example, the signals emitted may not be light signals, but may instead be radio frequency signals. In other examples, the light may not be visible light. For example, infrared light may be used. In other examples, sensors other than a pulse oximeter may be used, such as a temperature sensor.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 500 for determining identifying information about a pulse oximeter according to an embodiment of the invention. The method 500 includes determining, from decoded information, a communication related to a patient associated with a pulse oximeter and equipment identifying information of the pulse oximeter. For example, the communication may include information about the patient wearing the pulse oximeter, and a unique identifier of the pulse oximeter itself. The information about the patient may include information input into the monitor of the pulse oximeter such as a name, identification number, or other information about a patient. The information about the patient could also include a vital sign measurement or biometric information about the patient. The information about the patient may also be information identified from the video signal, such as body type, hair/skin/eye color, height, estimated weight, face shape, or other physical characteristics.

The method 500 further includes using this information about the patient to determine a unique identifier associated with the patient at 510. For example, using FIG. 3 as reference, the computing device 300 may use the information about the patient to compare to data stored in the server 325. For example, the server may store biometric data that is associated with information about a patient's identity and a unique identifier of the patient. By matching the information about the patient (e.g., name, biometric data, vital sign measurement, etc.) to the information on the server, the computing device can determine the unique identifier associated with the patient that is wearing the pulse oximeter.

The method 500 further includes associating the unique identifier of the patient with the equipment identifying information at 515. In this way, the patient wearing the pulse oximeter is associated with that pulse oximeter and any information known about the pulse oximeter. For example, the pulse oximeter may be assigned to a particular room in a hospital. By associating the patient with the pulse oximeter, the system can identify or verify what room the patient is in. The information known about the pulse oximeter may be manually input by a healthcare professional or may be determined by the system. For example, the pulse oximeter may have location sensing capabilities using various technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, etc. If a pulse oximeter can be relocated, the data can be manually or automatically updated. If a pulse oximeter is installed as a permanent fixture in a hospital room, the location information can be determined once and then not changed. The information (e.g., location information) about sensors such as pulse oximeters may also be stored in the server 325. Other sensor information may include information about how a sensor is calibrated or a sensor's default capabilities. By having this information, the system can contextualize certain information about the sensor and the patient. For example, if a sensor is made for a small child, but the patient identified is a large adult, the system may identify an alert condition that the sensor cannot adequately be used to monitor a vital sign of the patient.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method 600 for determining a location of a pulse oximeter within a field of view of a camera according to an embodiment of the invention. The method 600 includes identifying from the video signal, at a first time, a first position within the field of view of the video camera at which the light is emitted by the pulse oximeter at 605. Each image captured by a video camera includes a two-dimensional array or grid of pixels. Once the light signal is identified, the system can determine or identify a first position of that light signal in the two-dimensional array or grid of pixels. In some embodiments, the system may further identify a third coordinate for three-dimensional location of a light signal in an image. For example, a proximity sensor may be used in combination with the video signal to determine how far away the source of the light signal is from the camera.

The method 600 further includes identifying from the video signal, at a second time, a second position at which the light is emitted by the pulse oximeter at 610. If the patient has moved, the second position should be different from the first position. If the patient has not moved, the first and second positions should be the same. If the camera moves, changes focus, zooms, or otherwise adjusts, the system should take those adjustments into account to determine if the change in position between the first and second times actually corresponds with a meaningful movement of the patient (or more generally the light source).

The method 600 further includes determining, using the processor, that the first position is different from the second position by a threshold amount. In so doing, the system determines the location of the pulse oximeter based at least in part on the first position and the second position at 615. In some embodiments, if the patient or light source has moved more than a threshold amount, an alarm condition may be identified and triggered by the system. For example, it may be undesirable for a patient with mobility issues to leave their bed and/or hospital room without assistance. In such an embodiment, additional logic can be applied to determine whether an alarm condition should be triggered. For example, if the patient or light source moves the threshold distance, but the system detects another person in the images captured by the video camera, then an alarm condition is not triggered. If the patient or light source moves the threshold distance, but the system does not detect another person, then an alarm condition is triggered.

In some embodiments, the second position may be on an edge of the field of view of the camera. The system may be able to determine if the patient or light source left the field of view of the camera if the patient or light source is not in the images captured by the camera after the second time. In other words, the system determines that, based on the threshold amount, the pulse oximeter has moved beyond the field of view of the video camera or has moved the predetermined threshold distance within the field of view of the video camera. Depending on where the second position is, further information may be determined. For example, if the second position is near a known doorway in an image, and the light source is not found in an image captured after the second time, the system can determine that the light source and patient went through the doorway. This may too have different consequences. For example, if the doorway is to a bathroom, the system may do nothing. If the doorway is to a hallway, the system may trigger an alarm condition that the patient has left their room. In another example, the first position may be at an edge of a field of view and the second position may be further within the field of view of a camera. In such an example, the system may recognize that a new patient has entered the room or field of view and may initiate a process to identify the patient as disclosed herein. The system may also update a database indicating that a patient has left or arrived at a particular location tracked by a particular camera. In this way, the system can associate at least one of the first position or the second position with a bed identifier, room identifier, floor identifier, or facility identifier at 620. In other words, how the patient moves within the field of view of the camera can change how the system updates an identified location of the patient/sensor. In these examples, logic and multiple cameras in multiple locations may be utilized to better determine the locations and/or movements of a patient/sensor. Each time the patient comes into view of a new camera, the methods of FIGS. 4 and/or 5 may be utilized to verify the patient's and/or sensor's identity to accurately track the patient/sensor movements.

In another example, if the patient/light source is one of many in a hospital ward observable by the same camera, the first and second positions may be tracked by the system to ensure that a patient does not interfere with other patients in the ward. Such a system can protect patients from one another, both physically and/or to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. In some embodiments, the system may perform this tracking by identifying the patient in the video signal instead of the light source/sensor. The system may also track how long a patient is out of view of the camera. For example, if the patient is in the bathroom for longer than a threshold time (e.g., 30 minutes), an alert condition may be triggered so that the patient can be checked on.

The system may also use the first and second positions collected at the first and second times to track trajectory and velocity of a patient or sensor. For example, such tracking may identify if a patient has fallen: rapid change in position along with a downward change in absolute position on the grid of pixels may indicate a fall, for example. Such information may trigger an alert condition and allow a patient to be helped faster.

The method 600 further includes sending a video camera control signal instructing the camera to change its field of view in some way at 625. This may be based on a movement of the patient as identified in 605, 610, 615, and/or 620. The video camera control signal instructs the camera to focus the field of view at, zoom in the field of view, or center the field of view. This adjustment of the camera may be for a variety of reasons. For example, the camera may adjust to keep a patient/sensor near the center of the camera's field of view. Accordingly, the determined second position of the patient/sensor may be used to adjust the camera. The camera may also adjust to better read the light signal being emitted from the sensor. By tracking the location of the light signal as disclosed herein, the camera can identify where to zoom in, move, or focus to get a better picture of the signal. In this way, the system has a higher likelihood of receiving the signal in a manner that allows the system to decode the signal and understand the information in the signal. The camera may also be adjusted for privacy reasons, or periodically adjusted to scan a room for additional patients, sensors, or other items of interest. In some embodiments, the camera may be instructed to adjust its field of view based on an identified alarm condition. For example, if a patient has a dangerous pulse level, the camera may be instructed to identify that patient in the field of view and zoom in, center on, and/or focus on that patient. This video feed can then be patched to a remote monitoring facility to help healthcare providers determine how to best take remedial action.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method 700 for sending information from a pulse oximeter according to an embodiment of the invention. The method 700 communicates information from a patient monitoring device and includes determining information related to at least one of a pulse oximeter and a patient associated with the pulse oximeter at 705. The method further includes encoding the information according to a transmission scheme at 710. The method further includes emitting, from the pulse oximeter, a light signal with the encoded information according to the transmission scheme at 715. The light signal is emitted in a field of view captured by a video camera. The method 700 describes steps for sending a message from the perspective of the patient monitoring device. The message may be prompted by a request message from a camera or other system. The message may also be routinely or periodically transmitted by the patient monitoring device. The message may also include any of the information described herein that may be transmitted from the patient monitoring device to a non-contact monitoring system, such as vital sign information, biometric information, information about the patient monitoring device, location information, etc.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method 800 for determining an alarm condition based on information sent from a pulse oximeter according to an embodiment of the invention. The method includes decoding information from light emitted by a pulse oximeter to yield decoded information at 805. The method further includes determining an alarm condition from the decoded information at 810. The method further includes determining a context for the alarm condition based on a video signal captured by a video camera at 815. As described herein, various alarm conditions can be detected by the system. For example, if a pulse oximeter is not detecting a pulse or is detecting an irregular pulse, an alarm may be generated that a patient is not well. Such instances can be contextualized using information from a video signal. For example, processing of the video signal can indicate if the pulse oximeter has fallen off, or if the patient removed it to use the restroom. Such contexts may not necessitate an alarm condition. In some embodiments, the alarm condition may be communicated as part of the information in the light signal sent from the patient monitoring device to the camera. In other embodiments, an alarm condition may be initiated when information about a patient, patient location, or sensor information does not match what the system is expecting. In other words, an alarm may be initiated when patient identification information known or sensed by the system does not match what is stored in a database. For example, a healthcare professional inputs into a database that patient A will be put in room 101 at a hospital. The non-contact monitoring system will use a light signal from a sensor in room 101 to determine the identity of the patient in room 101. If the system determines that the patient in room 101 is patient B, that determination would not match the expected information entered into the database. Accordingly, the system may update the database to reflect the actual observed condition or may initiate an alarm condition so that attention can be given by healthcare provider staff to resolve the issue. In other words, the systems and methods disclosed herein provide for redundancies and quality assurance checks to reduce errors, mishandling of patients, and other mishaps that can reduce quality of care and increase costs of care and inefficient use of resources. Where identified errors may not be prevented, the system can also allow for them to be expeditiously corrected before larger errors take place or the effects of the error are compounded. FIG. 10 and its accompanying description below provide additional embodiments of how the database is used to improve existing systems and methods.

In some embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein may also be used to suppress alarm conditions. For example, an alarm may be triggered by a sensor or other condition as disclosed herein. Information from the images or video feed captured by a camera can be used to suppress the alarm condition (i.e., shut off or disable the alarm). In some cases, the information from the images or video feed may also yield a different type of alarm condition to be initiated, even though a first alarm condition is suppressed.

In an embodiment, a pulse oximeter may be the sensor used, and an alarm condition may be triggered based on an irregular pulse measurement from the pulse oximeter. The system may receive the indication of the alarm condition, and in response analyze the video feed from a camera where that pulse oximeter is known to be within the field of view (e.g., through previously identifying the pulse oximeter using methods as disclosed herein). In the video feed, the system may recognize a condition that indicates the alarm should be suppressed. For example, if the pulse oximeter has fallen off the patient's finger, the pulse oximeter has started slipping off or is otherwise misplaced on the patient so that an accurate reading cannot be made, or the patient is moving too erratically to make an accurate measurement, the system may determine that the original alarm condition for an irregular pulse measurement should be suppressed. Additionally, the system may generate a different alarm condition that a health care professional should check on the patient to make sure the pulse oximeter is properly placed on the patient or otherwise check on the patient. In some embodiments, the second alarm condition may be more or less urgent than the first alarm condition. For example, if the system determines that the patient's pulse oximeter has fallen off, the alarm to replace the pulse oximeter may have a lower urgency level than the irregular pulse alarm. This can lead to more efficient use of resources, as health care staff would not need to attend to a misplaced pulse oximeter as quickly as they would someone who had an irregular pulse. Conversely, if the video analysis yields that an accurate measurement cannot be taken from the pulse oximeter because the patient is moving too erratically, the system may initiate a more urgent alarm condition. In this case, the video monitoring helps identify a condition that is more dangerous or urgent than just an irregular pulse might be. In this way, the non-contact monitoring systems disclosed herein can help suppress alarms and can help initiate different urgency leveled alarms to help a health care facility more efficiently use resources while providing better care for their patients.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a method 900 for associating a pulse oximeter with a patient according to an embodiment of the invention. The method includes determining pulse oximeter identifying information in a field of view of a video camera from a video signal captured by the video camera at 905. The method further includes determining patient identifying information in a field of view of a video camera from a video signal captured by the video camera at 910. The method further includes correlating the pulse oximeter identifying information and the patient identifying information at 915. In this way, once a patient has been identified, that patient can be associated with the pulse oximeter. The system may then be able to keep track of a patient if the patient moves with the pulse oximeter or other sensor still attached.

The method also includes sending a first message to a server indicating the correlation at 920. In other words, the system is updated according to the new correlation. The method also includes determining, based on the video signal, a condition indicating that the pulse oximeter identifying information and the patient identifying information should be de-correlated at 925. This condition may be based on manually input information that the patient is no longer at the room or healthcare facility. The condition may also be information that the patient has gone a certain threshold amount of time without wearing or otherwise being associated with the sensor. The condition may also be that a different patient is now associated with the sensor. In this instance, a new correlation may also be made, and the system/server can be updated accordingly. The method also includes sending a second message to a server indicating the de-correlation at 930, updating the system/server based on the determined condition.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method 1000 for verifying information from a pulse oximeter according to an embodiment of the invention. The method includes receiving first information indicated by a light signal emitted by a pulse oximeter and captured by a video camera at 1005. The method further includes comparing the first information to information stored in a database at 1010. The method further includes determining, based at least in part on the comparison, a patient to associate the pulse oximeter with based on the information stored in the database at 1015. In other words, the system can take information gathered by the pulse oximeter and/or camera and use the information to identify the patient based on information stored in a database. In an alternative embodiment and as disclosed herein, such information may be information about the patient (e.g., biometric, vital signs, other physical characteristics), or may be some other kind of information. For example, when a patient is checked in, they may have a bracelet, chart, sticker, pin, clothing, or other information given to them that has optically identifiable information on it. For example, it may have their name in text that can be optically recognized, or it may have other optically recognizable features such as a QR code, bar code, color coordinated code, or other type of code that can be identified by the camera. The system can use this identified information to associate the information from the code with a patient in the system. In this way, a patient may be easily and quickly identified by information from the pulse oximeter or by other visual information collected by the camera. In a similar way, a bar code or other optical identifier may also be placed on the sensor/pulse oximeter to allow for easy identification of the sensor device. Identifying the sensor device or device type may also instruct the system of what type of signal to look for. For example, certain pulse oximeters may have lights that blink at different frequencies, so identifying the type of sensor can help the system identify, locate, and understand a light signal emitted by the sensor. In other embodiments, the aspects of the signal itself may be used to identify what type of sensor is being used. For example, a light signal at frequency A may be associated with a first type of sensor, while a light signal at frequency B may be associated with a second type of sensor. In some embodiments, information about a sensor interpreted by the systems and methods disclosed herein may be utilized to determine how to process information from the sensor. For example, if a light signal at frequency A is detected, frequency A may be known by the system to be associated with a first manufacturer type of device. The system may also identify that the first manufacturer does not design its devices to specially communicate with a video-based monitoring system. Accordingly, the system may not monitor such a device or may only monitor certain aspects or signals associated with the device of the first manufacturer. In another example, a frequency B signal may indicate a second manufacturer device that is compatible with more of the features and methods disclosed herein. By properly identifying the frequency or other aspect of a signal from a particular device, the system can therefore better understand what information and what types of information to try to gather and identify from a video feed of an identified device.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method 1100 for tracking information over time from a pulse oximeter according to an embodiment of the invention. The method includes receiving, at a first time, the first information indicated by a light signal emitted by a pulse oximeter and captured by a video camera at 1105. The method further includes receiving, at a second time, second information indicated by the light signal emitted by the pulse oximeter and captured by the video camera at 1110. The method further includes determining a difference between the first and second information at 1115. As one example, a pulse oximeter tracks a patient's pulse. The method 1100 tracks that patient's pulse over time. If there is a change that is determined to be dangerous or otherwise noteworthy, the system may generate an alarm condition based on the change. The changes and differences may also be saved in a system by a database. The system may also use the information for billing purposes. For example, if a certain piece of equipment is used for a certain amount of time, billing for that equipment may be automatically generated based on the tracked time that the equipment was used. In another embodiment, the system may compare in the information indicated to similar information collected in a different way. For example, information received through the light signals may be compared to pulse data collected by the pulse oximeter itself. In this way, redundancies and quality assurance checks can be run to ensure that equipment is functioning the way it is supposed to, and/or that the light signals being received by the camera area being accurately received and decoded. In some embodiments, the system can take a pulse oximetry reading from the red light emitted by the pulse oximeter and detected by the video camera. The oximetry reading detected by the video camera may be read by the video camera actually capturing the light from the pulse oximeter that is passed through a patient's finger. In other words, the light signal captured by the video camera may emanate from a light of a pulse oximeter used to measure pulse or the oxygen in blood without the need for additional lights. This information can be compared to the information collected by the photosensor of the pulse oximeter. Accordingly, the encoded information received by the video camera can be vital sign information. In such embodiments, the system may combine the vital sign (e.g., pulse rate) measured by the video monitoring system with the vital sign (e.g., pulse rate) measured by the contact sensor (e.g., pulse oximeter) to create a more robust measurement. This more robust measurement may be calculated using techniques that use multiple measurements/data points to yield to yield a single measurement/data point, such as averaging, weighted averaging, or using a logic to select whichever of the two measurements is more likely to be reliable. In the last example, where the measurement that is more likely to be reliable is selected, the system may use information captured by the video camera to determine which signal is more likely to be reliable, or the system may default to one measurement type over the other.

The light signal may be initially identified from the video images in a variety of ways as described herein. As just one example, the sequence, frequency of modulation or durations of the red-infrared duty cycles at the pulse oximeter probe may be changed over time. This may be detected by the camera system and decoded to provide positive identification of a probe in an image. This alteration of the duty cycle may be instructed by the camera so that at a specific point in time the camera can match a change in cycle at a specific probe with its sent instructions. Where separate LEDs are used from the red pulse oximeter light, the LED may be a color other than that used to measure pulse. In this way, the different color will not be confused with the pulse oximeter light used by a sensor (i.e., use a different spectrum of light). The separate LED may also use different frequencies or other different signal characteristics than the pulse oximeter light. The separate LED may also be flashed during the off period of a duty cycle of the pulse oximeter probe light so as not to interfere with the pulse oximeter measurements.

The systems and methods described here may be provided in the form of tangible and non-transitory machine-readable medium or media (such as a hard disk drive, hardware memory, etc.) having instructions recorded thereon for execution by a processor or computer. The set of instructions may include various commands that instruct the computer or processor to perform specific operations such as the methods and processes of the various embodiments described here. The set of instructions may be in the form of a software program or application. The computer storage media may include volatile and non-volatile media, and removable and non-removable media, for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. The computer storage media may include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other solid-state memory technology, CD-ROM, DVD, or other optical storage, magnetic disk storage, or any other hardware medium which may be used to store desired information and that may be accessed by components of the system. Components of the system may communicate with each other via wired or wireless communication. The components may be separate from each other, or various combinations of components may be integrated together into a medical monitor or processor or contained within a workstation with standard computer hardware (for example, processors, circuitry, logic circuits, memory, and the like). The system may include processing devices such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, integrated circuits, control units, storage media, and other hardware.

Although the present invention has been described and illustrated in respect to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that it is not to be so limited, since changes and modifications may be made therein which are within the full intended scope of this invention as hereinafter claimed. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of communicating information from a patient monitoring device, comprising: encoding information according to a transmission scheme of a pulse oximeter; emitting, from the pulse oximeter, a light signal with the encoded information according to the transmission scheme, wherein the light signal is emitted in a field of view of a video camera; and decoding, using a processor, the encoded information of the light signal.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the information comprises a patient identifier.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein decoding the encoded information yields decoded information, and the method further comprises: determining, using the processor, from the decoded information a first communication related to a patient associated with the pulse oximeter.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first communication comprises a unique identifier associated with the patient.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein encoding the information according to the transmission scheme of the pulse oximeter comprises encoding the information using frequency modulation, pulse width modulation, or amplitude modulation.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the information comprises at least one patient vital sign measurement taken by the pulse oximeter.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the information comprises information relating to the pulse oximeter.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the information relating to the pulse oximeter comprises one or more of a configuration of the pulse oximeter, an alert condition of the pulse oximeter, a status of the pulse oximeter, and a unique identifier associated with the pulse oximeter.
 9. A method of communicating information from a patient monitoring device, comprising: encoding information according to a transmission scheme of a pulse oximeter, the information comprising at least a first communication and a second communication; emitting, from the pulse oximeter, a light signal with the encoded information according to the transmission scheme, wherein the light signal is emitted in a field of view of a video camera; and decoding, using a processor, the encoded information of the light signal.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein decoding the encoded information yields decoded information, and the method further comprises: determining, using the processor, from the decoded information the first communication and the second communication.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first communication comprises a unique identifier associated with the patient and the second communication comprises a unique identifier associated with the pulse oximeter.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first communication relates to the patient associated with the pulse oximeter and the second communication relates to the pulse oximeter.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first communication relating to the patient associated with the pulse oximeter comprises at least one patient vital sign measurement taken by the pulse oximeter.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the second communication relating to the pulse oximeter comprises one or more of a configuration of the pulse oximeter, an alert condition of the pulse oximeter, a status of the pulse oximeter, and a unique identifier associated with the pulse oximeter.
 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising: associating with the patient the second communication relating to the pulse oximeter.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the second communication relating to the pulse oximeter comprises the location of the pulse oximeter and associating with the patient the second communication relating to the pulse oximeter comprises assigning the location of the pulse oximeter as the location of the patient.
 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising: comparing the first communication relating to the patient associated with the pulse oximeter to the second communication relating to the pulse oximeter to determine compliance between the patient and the pulse oximeter.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first communication relating to the patient comprises at least one of the age, height and weight of the patient and the second communication relating to the pulse oximeter comprises the calibration of pulse oximeter, and comparing the first communication with the second communication to determine compliance between the patient and the pulse oximeter comprises determining if the pulse oximeter is calibrated for use with a patient having the age, height or weight of the patient as provided by the first communication.
 19. A method of communicating information from a patient monitoring device, comprising: encoding a patient identifier according to a transmission scheme of a pulse oximeter; emitting, from the pulse oximeter, a light signal with the encoded patient identifier to the transmission scheme, wherein the light signal is emitted in a field of view of a video camera; decoding, using a processor, the encoded patient identifier of the light signal to thereby yield decoded information; and determining, using the processor, from the decoded information a first communication related to a patient associated with the pulse oximeter.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first communication comprises a unique identifier associated with the patient. 